Bontril SR - an appetite suppressant that which works by stimulating
the central nervous system.
Callus - a hard, thickened part of the skin due to excessive pressure or rubbing.
Tenuate - a drug that suppresses the appetite and that works by acting on the cerebrospinal axis (central nervous system), accelerating blood pressure and heart rate, while decreasing the desire for food.
Biceps - the prominent muscle located on the inside of the upper arm, which is used to bend the elbow.
Beta Oxidation - the process by which fat is broken down in order to generate ATP.
Vegetarians - a general term describing individuals who choose not to include any form of animal-source food (meat, poultry, fish, eggs, or milk) in the foods they eat. Ovo-vegetarians include eggs (and egg products) in their diet of vegetables, and ovo-lacto vegetarians are those who include milk (and milk products) in their diet, as well as eggs and vegetables. Since no vegetable has every one of the essential amino acids but eggs do, a diet that includes eggs protects against lack of essential amino acids. According to the Vegetarian Resource Group, less than 1% of Americans are true vegetarians.
Body Fat - the proportion of an individual`s body weight that is not composed of lean muscle, water, bones, or vital organs.
Beta-Glucan - type of polysaccharide (string of sugar molecules) in foods like oats, which supplies the physical advantage of reducing the danger of cardiovascular disease (any dysfunction of the heart or blood vessels) by reducing cholesterol levels in the blood.
GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) - GRAS denotes the designation conferred on edible components that are subject to exemption from the FDA`s prescribed pre-market review and approval requirements. In addition, it comprises everyday food ingredients that were already in use at the time that the Food Additives Amendment of 1959, amending the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was enacted. Bulimia Nervosa - a psychological disorder marked by compulsive binging on food (eating large amounts very quickly), feeling total loss of control when this happens, and allowing body weight and shape to have an overpowering effect on one`s sense of self-esteem. This disorder has two categories: purging and non-purging. In the first type, the individual compulsively engages in purging by forcing him/herself to throw up the food eaten, or by frequently misusing purging and diuretic drugs. On the other hand, in the non-purging type, the individual prevents weight gain through rigorous dieting, fasting, or excessive exercise. This binging on vast quantities of food followed by forced purging, and a sense of guilt, depression, and self-condemnation, is frequently associated with another eating disorder, anorexia nervosa. In several instances, there is no noticeable weight loss and the illness may go unnoticed until the individual seeks help.
Fat - a type of caloric energy found in food, which is the main supplier of energy in the food ingested. Fats from both animal and other sources have nine calories per gram. Fat enables the body to absorb fat-soluble vitamins, like vitamins A, D, E, and K, along with organic plant pigments (carotenoids). Certain types of fats, specially fats that are mainly found in animal tissues, might increase the ratio of HDL to LDL serum cholesterol and also add to the possibility of developing heart complications. Other classes of fats, such as those primarily found in vegetable products and which are liquid at room temperature, do not increase blood cholesterol. Fats that are in the diet are a mixture of monounsaturated fatty acids (found in foods such as olive oil, walnut oil, rapeseed oil, canola oil, nuts, and avocados), polyunsaturated fatty acids (found in foods such as such as flax seed and fish oils), and saturated fatty acids (found in foods from animal sources). Fats are an important nutrient in a healthy diet. They supply essential fatty acids, like LA (linoleic acid), which is especially vital to growth and development of infants. Fat prevents skin dryness and roughness, contributes to regulating cholesterol levels in the blood, and is also a precursor of prostaglandins, which are a whole family of compounds classified as hormones which have a multitude of functions including: regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, pain perception, and regulation of other hormonal functions. One molecule of fat is comprised of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. Thus, the chemical terminology for fats is `triglycerides`. External Obliques - muscles that extend from the bottom of the ribs to the front of the pelvis, which allow people to bend the trunk forward, flex the spine, and tilt the pelvis. This muscle group is situated on top of the internal abdominal obliques. The kayaking stroke makes use of the external abdominal obliques a lot more than it uses the biceps in the arms. Adipose Tissue - a specialized type of connective tissue in the body that functions as the major storage site for fat.
Food Irradiation - often called `cold pasteurization` or `electronic pasteurization`, the exposure of foods to sufficient radiant energy (electron beams, x-rays, and gamma rays) to destroy microorganisms and/or insects. Irradiation is used in the manufacture and processing of food to remove any contaminating agents in foods. Obese - describes a person with excessive body weight due to an abnormally high, unhealthy amount of body fat. There are many methods to determine if an individual is obese, although experts believe that an individual`s BMI (Body Mass Index) is the most accurate measurement of body fat for adults as well as for children. Obese is normally indicated by a body mass index over 30. There are exceptions. As an example, an athlete could record a higher than normal Body Mass Index but not be overweight because the `excess` weight is muscle mass, not fat.
Polyols - a type of sweetening agent utilized in diet food products. They are different from non-caloric (intense) sweeteners in that they are considered caloric (having calories) and thereby nutritive; that is, they do contribute calories to the diet. Polyols are only partially absorbed and converted into energy, however, and consequently add fewer calories than table sugar. The polyols routinely utilized in the United States are sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, maltitol, maltitol syrup, lactitol, erythritol, isomalt, and hydrogenated starch hydrolysates. The majority of these polyols are around 50% as sweet as white sugar; maltitol and xylitol are about as sweet as white sugar. Polyols are present naturally in plums, berries, apples and other foods. They also are produced on a commercial basis from simple and complex carbohydrates like glucose, sucrose, and starch to be used in sugar-free candies, cookies, and chewing gum. In addition to adding a sweet flavor, these agents serve in different capacities, such as adding texture and bulk, supplying a `menthol-like` cool sensation or taste, preventing the heat effect of browning and retaining the moistness in food products.